stereotypes, crime and immigrants 
I recently read a book by Eugenia Scarzanella (Ni gringos or Indians. Immigration, crime and racism in Argentina: 1890-1940) in which mention was the vision of immigrants in Argentina in the period in question: the have been encouraged their mass entry into the country as a carrier of labor, technology and civilization, had come to be seen in the first decades of the twentieth century as awkward, marginal and criminals. Stereotypes
certainly lead to no , when it would be appropriate to discuss individual cases or finally, circumstances common to human groups that define their behavior to the new, in this case, the arrival in a country language and customs, and populated by many immigrants and overcrowding and deprivation in the big city, Buenos Aires.
The massive influx of Europeans never gave in Peru, despite the wishes of the various governments during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but were given the stereotypes about what kind of desirable European immigrants to Peru, dividing "sides" between those who advocated the arrival of Europeans in the north-Anglo-Saxon versus those who preferred the arrival of southern European-Latin. And also, there are those who thought about the Chinese coolies.
Clemente Palma
regard his thesis in 1897 and described the English:
"As a character, the tenacious English is the vehemence while they last, brave because the value is an idealization of life, but that value taken and heroic far from serene value of practice races. The value of English, an effervescence of the southern races, it is always useless without action on what constitutes the social and intellectual improvement of its people ... dreamy and exalted race , is cold, impassive to all that is not of beautiful forms, for all that does not mean an immediate success. instinctively rejects everything that is in preparation for a distant future ... hence, this note of his character, is the brilliance of language and the shallowness of his intellectualism, so while the art has acquired a notable development in Spain, the science is very poor ... apparently strong, the English race is weak. "
Capelo in its" central line of Peru "waged against the European settlers in general, in one of the few examples I've found on the subject:
" The European settler : This type is the most expensive of all because the European tread our shores just can not live without meat, wine and food better and more abundant, and can not wear and fit but with all its comforts, so that their livelihood is costly, and as settlers is the most expensive of all settlers. Unfortunately work rarely corresponds to their consumption , and if for any reason, must work alongside the son of the country, the European settler immediately called the office of overseer and shuns any personal work. "
and negative evidence abound about the Chinese. In addition to insult the people of African descent and indigenous in the country, Clemente Palma spared no words against the Chinese:
"The race really do not represent China, nor in the past or the future , nor in the present: it is a set of men of the same kind, united by the same spirit of inactivity, give yourself prehistoric times have occupied a vast expanse of land without filling mission of any kind, or civilization, or destructive, are an expression of amazement to live .. . our race as India, China race is a silent and passive entity in history. China
race who came to Peru was even more degenerate as I have described above. apart from that went to the immigration of the lower castes most abject and passive murderer was defective: the passion of opium sick passion of races, which immerses individuals in a constant lethargy, a stupid succumb dream in which the physical and mental activity ... "
Carlos Correa Larrabure and curiously between invective, recognizes some merit to Chinese immigrants:
" Dura experience we had with the Chinese immigrants. Weak and degenerate race, far from improving, has deteriorated to the crossing, the conditions of our people, their fruits lack the moral and physical force required in a new town and it needs to fight with a nature that calls for perseverance man .. . Chinese should the filthy vice of opium, the banning of all rules of hygiene, and worse than all this, the vast proportions that has taken the game, first tolerated authorized and protected and then by the same authorities . These considerations are obvious, gentlemen, and can not compensate for ever, in the social scale, the relative submission, hard work and saving habits they have is true some of that race ... rather than protect it, should be prevented thus Asian immigration, either in groups or as contract laborers ... "
even harsher words Placido Jimenez referred to the late nineteenth century:
" The Chinese is an agent of immorality and has given us many evils. It brought the most despicable kind of Asian populations, real men hunt was to throw on our fields to make them work as beasts of burden, and came abject and whip the more debased. Undernourished, anemic and emaciated, dominated by degrading sensuality, eaten away by syphilis, gamers, incorrigible, opium smokers, reported by inheritance and by imitating their vices to those around them. The Chinese opium spread the passion of the laborers on the estates, and those who frequent his company, and the opium produced many disorders in the body, promotes the consumption, causes anemia, causes paralysis, leading to furious madness. "
"When you venture in narrow passageways of those homes and provides very reduced room without air or light, in which the Chinese crowd, when they are seen superimposed on pallets lethargic when you look disgusting traces of syphilis who hold these bastards, when it feels the pungent odor of opium and grime; dominates the melancholy spirit, one is struck with grief that there are men who abdicate their dignity and be worth less than animals ... Utilitarianism dominates us, so he defends the Chinese saying they work very cheap and feed our people for almost nothing. Chinese cheap labor because it is not family, because their nutrition is very low and because live pens. "
Alfredo
Sachetti harsh words also mentions the Chinese:
"The problem of populating Peru by a strong wave of immigration has so far no hiccups. Evidence of this are the many attempts by governments and individuals so far and the results have been zero or even disastrous to the country (* considered as such include the introduction of Asian ). "
On the other hand, there are also positive stereotypes about Europeans, and even given the mentality of the era, Asian immigrants. Clemente Palma in that regard the following thesis:
"The landrace in value Medium Breed ... is well placed to mate with one race to give you what you lack: character. In my humble conception, gentlemen, I think he can give the German race. German is physically stronger, invigorate the muscles and blood of our race, is intellectual, deeply intellectual, will solidify the mental life of our race, would bring in the brain of the elect, the feeling artistic heritage of the Latin race with the scientific spirit of the Germans, is calm, energetic, tenacious, will counterbalance the vehemence, weakness and inconsistency of the Creoles. "
Pedro Gálvez in 1871 also prefers the German immigration from other Europeans:
"Educated and hardworking, a good German immigrant and for any apparent reason to cross out their good qualities, could be answered just as we have said of English, if the assimilation of these immigrants is slower, it is also much stronger and imports entering the villages of Peru in individuals carrying the seriousness of reason and the record of the work as elements of order and progress. "
The only attempt to medium result of German immigration was carried out by Schutz with the founding of the colony of Pozuzo (with Tyrolean and German immigrants from the south), alleging that Schutz was looking for a place to manage the large influx of immigrants from Germany in the mid-nineteenth century, and which remain in their traditional customs:
"even the most simple German da that is the race favorite, in a place where the aristocracy of race is so important, while in North America has to obey the rules of the Yankees. The majority of emigrants to North America back to Yankee in every way and soon he is ashamed speak their language and who was treated with contempt. In South America, however the Germans are the working example that everyone wants to copy "
's position Manuel Prado in his articles on "Immigration Vascongados 1860, rather supports the arrival of southern European elements, like the proposed Garezon (ex-Consul of Peru in Genoa):" The Italian immigration is the most similar the national element, the most peaceful, honest and hardworking, the most sympathetic to the people and authorities and better able to carry out the country's prosperity. "
An ecumenical stance with regard to Europeans, but with a bias by the Italians, was taken by Larrabure:
"Regarding the place of Europe, where especially we must take the immigration I think that all States of that continent, except Turkey, have population, industrious and robust ... special circumstances we should, however, that they choose, preferably in Germany, France, Italy and the Basque provinces ... Germans addition to being a healthy and vigorous race, are usually men working, persevering and patient ... The French are entrepreneurs, lovers of the country decided become established, they know soon popularize the achievements of civilization ... Italians meet conditions that make them invaluable as settlers, their sobriety, resignation and industry, have become a tradition in our continent. They are among the Europeans, who soon will be assimilated to American ... as for the English Basques would believe that there are lightness excellent settlers ... wherever it has been established Basque, has always been moral, customs simple and very useful to his adopted country ... "
And of course, is not lacking in praise (though limited) to the Chinese settlers, mostly from Pedro Paz Soldan y Unanue, author of the most famous paper on the immigration issue in nineteenth-century Peru, "the study after which we reached it, which of the numerous and costly immigration attempts made in Peru, the only caught fire and left standing Asian is: If today does not continue is because of the war and its consequences. "Capelo says:
" Three types are provided for this purpose (agricultural settlement Amazon): Chinese, accustomed to eating very little on their clothing and subsistence and accustomed to work and all sorts of hardships, is the item that costs less and produces positive results more quickly ... in the way of Pichis, mile 4, which is located Paucartambo bridge was granted a ten-acre lot to a Chinese man named John Doe, without giving any other resource. At sixty days, Perez had established a dairy farm and planted three acres of corn and now lives there with his wife and children and has established its proximity several other Peruvian and European settlers, is worthy of note that Perez has managed to attract the redskins, who in dietary change, will work in his field that thrives quickly. "
Everything written above is nothing more ideas based on racial stereotypes so fashionable in the nineteenth century and in the next century would lead to major conflicts experienced by humanity. But objectively, what we have in particular to define a group of people as "good" or "bad"?. The only approximate, inaccurate would therefore be crime statistics. On the subject there are few studies, but in what little I've found you can draw some conclusions.
is clear that more immigration group (by far) arrived in Peru in the nineteenth century was the Chinese coolies, from Macao and Canton between 1849 and 1874, according to J. 87.725 Martinet and 87.343 according to Garland. While the number of Europeans in the Census of 1876 is 18.078 (cited by Bonfiglio). And what are the crime rates of these groups?
China
Immigration - History of Contemporary Peru.
Carlos Contreras, Mark Cueto. Institute of Peruvian Studies, 2007 In his Report to Congress by the Minister of Justice, Education and Welfare, 1862, a total of 600 male inmates in Lima obtain the following results of foreigners (by nationality):
Chilean
: 24
Cantonese: 20 English: 14
English: 12 French
: 11
Italian: 7
Americans: 6
German: 3
Portuguese: 2
Swedish: 1
Other (Ecuadorians, Bolivians, Mexicans , New Granada): 6
As we see, the foreign group with the highest rate of crime is that of Chile, in which causes of prison were mostly coin counterfeiting, fraud, embezzlement and other homicide cases. In the Cantonese group most were convicted of murder. In the rest almost equally between the scams, robberies and homicides are distributed crimes.
Therefore, at least in this document
there is no proof of the "crime" Asians, but even considering that they were treated in inhumane conditions, in many cases semiesclavizados, malnourished and overcrowded in the farms, railroads, and the guano islands, while the rest were employed foreigners enjoying the common civil rights the Peruvians (and sometimes more beneficial to be safeguarded by their consulates.)
The percentage does not offer noticeable differences. For 1866 the population was estimated at 121.362 Lima persons (data somewhat exaggerated), and 1862-year-reviewed the report is estimated at 16.861 coolies landed in Callao, few of whom resided in Lima, I dare say that less than one third, and an approximate of 6000 Europeans in Lima. And for 1884, Lima's population was estimated at 101.488 people, with only 10.506 2.202 European and Chinese.
However, Jimenez gets the following, in a study conducted between 1862 and 1895:
latter data, although a slight lead analysis to conclude the biggest crime among Asians, do not take into account the marginality in which they were developed, abandoned by a society that in addition to bring in conditions of semi-slavery, stigmatized even to propose the prohibition of the establishment of the Chinese after their contracts ended in Peru, and the immediate deportation of non-renewal of contracts ... clearly xenophobic and unacceptable situations in a state of law.
The point of this post has been to expose prejudice in nineteenth century society Lima (Say world by the dissemination of racial theories of superiority and inferiority), and how to a flag (nationality of prisoners convicted) are not supported.
------------------------------------ (1) Report presented by the Minister of State at the Department of Justice, Public Education and Welfare, 1862 National Congress
(2) The central Peru. Written by Joaquín Capelo. Impr. Masi, 1895
(3) Pedro Gálvez. Immigration Project in Peru. Government Printer, 1871
(4) Alfredo Sachetti. Immigrants to Peru. Printing of the National Opinion
1904 (5) Industrial Review of Peru. Written by Alex Garland, Peru. Ministry of Development. Impr. Industry, 1905
(6) Giovanni Bonfiglio. The European presence in Peru. Editorial Fund of Peru's Congress, 2001
(7) The future of the races in Peru: Thesis for the degree of Bachelor of the Faculty of Arts. Clemente Palma. Posted by Imp Torres Aguirre, 1897
(8) Immigration in Peru. Pedro Paz Soldan y Unanue, 1891
(9) The Company and Crime. Bachelor thesis presented by Don Placido Jimenez to choose the degree of Doctor of the Faculty of Law. In: Proceedings University of Peru. Posted by Francisco Garcia Calderon Volume XXIII, Lima. Imprenta Liberal, 1898.
(10) Colonization of the Peruvian coast by European immigration: thesis for the degree of doctor of the Faculty of Political and administrative sciences. Larrabure and Carlos Correa. Posted by School Library and Printing E. Moreno, 1900
(11) historical monographs on the city of Lima. Written by Lima (Peru: Province). Provincial Council, Bernabé Cobo. Posted by Bookstore and printing Gil, sa, 1935
(12) Ni gringos or Indians: immigration, crime and racism in Argentina, 1890-1940. Written by Eugenia Scarzanella, Irene Theiner. Published by Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Ediciones, 2002
